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Bars (byte arrays)

​

Macro for creating ASCII bar literals.

# b {hello}    == b#hello
# b {}         == b#{}
# b {123}      == b#123

​

Macro for creating hexadecimal bar literals.

# x deadbeef    == x#deadbeef
# x 00          == x#00
# x {}          == b#{}

padBar​

(padBar p)
> p : Pad a
> Bar a

Converts a pad to a bar, adding zeroes to make it into whole bytes if necessary.

padBar p#11111111     == x#ff
padBar p#111111111    == x#ff01
padBar p#1            == x#01

isBar​

Checks if a value is a bar (byte array).

isBar b#hello       == 1
isBar x#deadbeef    == 1
isBar 42            == 0

emptyBar​

Returns an empty bar.

emptyBar               == b#{}
barLen emptyBar        == 0
barIsEmpty emptyBar    == 1

barIsEmpty​

Checks if a bar is empty.

barIsEmpty b#{}    == 1
barIsEmpty b#a     == 0
barIsEmpty x#00    == 0

byteWidth​

Returns the number of bytes needed to represent a natural number.

byteWidth 0      == 0
byteWidth 255    == 1
byteWidth 256    == 2

barTrail​

Returns the number of trailing zero bytes in a bar's internal representation.

barTrail 0x1ff        == 0
barTrail 0x100ff      == 1
barTrail 0x10000ff    == 2

barEnc​

Encodes a natural number into a bar representation.

barEnc 0 0      == 1
barEnc 0 1      == 257
barEnc 0 255    == 511

barDec​

Decodes a bar representation back into a natural number.

barDec 1      == 0
barDec 257    == 1
barDec 511    == 255

mkBar​

Creates a bar from a natural number and a trailing zero count.

mkBar 0 0      == b#{}
mkBar 0 1      == x#01
mkBar 1 255    == x#ff00

natBar​

Creates a bar from a natural number.

natBar 0      == b#{}
natBar 1      == x#01
natBar 255    == x#ff

barNat​

Converts a bar to its natural number representation.

barNat b#{}    == 0
barNat x#01    == 1
barNat x#ff    == 255

barLen​

Returns the length of a bar in bytes.

barLen b#{}          == 0
barLen b#hello       == 5
barLen x#deadbeef    == 4

barIdx​

Returns the byte at a given index in a bar.

barIdx 0 b#hello    == %h
barIdx 1 b#hello    == %e
barIdx 4 b#hello    == %o

natToSizedBar​

Creates a bar of a specific size from a natural number.

natToSizedBar 4 0x11223344    == x#44332211
natToSizedBar 2 0x1122        == x#2211
natToSizedBar 4 0x11          == x#11000000

barSing​

Creates a bar containing a single byte.

barSing %a     == b#a
barSing 0      == x#00
barSing 255    == x#ff

barDuo​

Creates a bar containing two bytes.

barDuo %a %b      == b#ab
barDuo 0 1        == x#0001
barDuo 255 254    == x#fffe

zEnd​

Returns the number of trailing zero bytes in a row.

zEnd [1 2 3 0 0]    == 2
zEnd [0 0 0]        == 3
zEnd [1 2 3]        == 0

stripZEnd​

Removes trailing zero bytes from a row.

stripZEnd [1 2 3 0 0]    == [1 2 3]
stripZEnd [0 0 0]        == []
stripZEnd [1 2 3]        == [1 2 3]

w8​

Converts a number to an 8-bit value (0-255).

w8 255    == 255
w8 256    == 0
w8 257    == 1

bytesBar​

Creates a bar from a row of bytes.

bytesBar [104 101 108 108 111]    == b#hello
bytesBar [0 255 1]                == x#00ff01
bytesBar []                       == b#{}

barGen​

Generates a bar by applying a function to each index.

barGen 3 (mul 2)    == x#000204
barGen 4 id         == x#00010203
barGen 0 id         == b#{}

barRep​

Creates a bar by repeating a byte value.

barRep 3 %a    == b#aaa
barRep 2 0     == x#0000
barRep 0 %x    == b#{}

barGet​

Gets the byte at a specific index in a bar.

barGet b#hello 0       == %h
barGet b#hello 4       == %o
barGet x#deadbeef 2    == 190 ; [222 173 190 239]

barBytes​

Converts a bar to a row of bytes.

barBytes b#hello       == [%h %e %l %l %o]
barBytes x#deadbeef    == [222 173 190 239]
barBytes b#{}          == []

barFoldl​

Left-associative fold over a bar.

barFoldl add 0 b#abc       == 294
barFoldl add 1 b#{}        == 1
barFoldl mul 1 x#010203    == 6

barFoldr​

Right-associative fold over a bar.

barFoldr add 0 b#abc                    == 294
barFoldr (_ acc & inc acc) 0 b#hello    == 5
barFoldr mul 1 x#010203                 == 6

barAny​

Checks if any byte in the bar satisfies a predicate.

barAny (eql %a) b#hello        == 0
barAny (eql %h) b#hello        == 1
barAny (gte 200) x#deadbeef    == 1

barAll​

Checks if all bytes in the bar satisfy a predicate.

barAll (gte %a) b#hello        == 0
barAll (eql %a) b#aaaaa        == 1
barAll (lte 200) x#deadbeef    == 0

barWeld​

Concatenates two bars.

barWeld b#hello b#world    == b#helloworld
barWeld x#dead x#beef      == x#deadbeef
barWeld b#{} b#abc         == b#abc

barCat​

Concatenates a row of bars.

barCat [b#hello b#world b#{!}]    == b#{helloworld!}
barCat [x#de x#ad x#be x#ef]      == x#deadbeef
barCat [b#{} b#a b#{} b#b]        == b#ab

barCatList​

Concatenates a list of bars.

barCatList (CONS b#hello (CONS b#world NIL))    == b#helloworld
barCatList (CONS x#dead (CONS x#beef NIL))      == x#deadbeef
barCatList NIL                                  == b#{}

barCatMap​

Maps a function over a bar and concatenates the results.

barCatMap (x & barRep 2 x) b#abc          == b#aabbcc
barCatMap (x & barFromRow [x x]) b#123    == b#112233
barCatMap (const b#{-}) b#abc             == b#{---}

barIntercalate​

Intersperses a separator bar between the elements of a row of bars.

barIntercalate b#_ [b#a b#b b#c]         == b#a_b_c
barIntercalate x#00 [x#11 x#22 x#33]     == x#110022003300
barIntercalate b#{} [b#hello b#world]    == b#helloworld

barIntercalateList​

Intersperses a separator bar between the elements of a list of bars.

barIntercalateList b#_ ~[b#a b#b b#c]                              == b#a_b_c
barIntercalateList x#00 (CONS x#11 (CONS x#22 (CONS x#33 NIL)))    == x#110022003300
barIntercalateList b#{} (CONS b#hello (CONS b#world NIL))          == b#helloworld

barFromHex​

Creates a bar from a hexadecimal string.

barFromHex {deadbeef}      == x#deadbeef
barFromHex {68656C6C6F}    == b#hello
barFromHex {}              == b#{}

barPad​

Returns the internal pad representation of a bar.

barPad b#a           == p#10000110
barPad x#deadbeef    == p#01111011101101010111110111110111
barPad b#{}          == p#{}

barTake​

Takes the first n bytes from a bar.

barTake 3 b#hello    == b#hel
barTake 5 b#hi       == b#hi
barTake 0 b#world    == b#{}

barDrop​

Drops the first n bytes from a bar.

barDrop 3 b#hello    == b#lo
barDrop 5 b#hi       == b#{}
barDrop 0 b#world    == b#world

barSlice​

Takes a slice of a bar from a starting index with a given length.

barSlice 1 3 b#hello       == b#ell
barSlice 0 2 x#deadbeef    == x#dead
barSlice 4 1 b#hello       == b#o

barSliceToNat​

Converts a slice of a bar to a natural number.

barSliceToNat 0 4 x#deadbeef    == 0xdeadbeef
barSliceToNat 1 2 x#deadbeef    == 0xadbe
barSliceToNat 3 1 b#hello       == 0x6f

barTreeToList​

Converts a tree-like structure of bars to a flat list of bars.

barTreeToList b#hello                      == [b#hello 0]
barTreeToList [b#a b#b b#c]                == [b#a [b#b [b#c 0]]]
barTreeToList (0 [[b#foo] b#bar b#baz])    == [b#foo [b#bar [b#baz 0]]]

barFlat​

Flattens a tree-like structure of bars into a single bar.

barFlat b#hello                      == b#hello
barFlat [b#a b#b b#c]                == b#abc
barFlat (0 [[b#foo] b#bar b#baz])    == b#foobarbaz

barHas​

Checks if a bar contains a specific byte.

barHas %h b#hello         == 1
barHas %x b#hello         == 0
barHas 0xde x#deadbeef    == 1

barToRow​

Converts a bar to a row of bytes (alias for barBytes).

barToRow b#hello       == [%h %e %l %l %o] ; [104 101 108 108 111]
barToRow x#deadbeef    == [222 173 190 239]
barToRow b#{}          == []

rowFromBar​

Converts a bar to a row of bytes (alias for barBytes).

rowFromBar b#hello       == [%h %e %l %l %o]
rowFromBar x#deadbeef    == [222 173 190 239]
rowFromBar b#{}          == []

barToList​

Converts a bar to a list of bytes.

barToList b#abc      == [%a [%b [%c 0]]]
barToList x#1234     == [18 [52 0]] ; [0x12 [0x34 0]]
barToList b#{}       == 0

barFromRow​

Creates a bar from a row of bytes.

barFromRow [104 101 108 108 111]    == b#hello
barFromRow [0xde 0xad 0xbe 0xef]    == x#deadbeef
barFromRow []                       == b#{}

barFromList​

Creates a bar from a list of bytes.

barFromList [%a [%b [%c 0]]]    == b#abc
barFromList [0x12 [0x34 0]]     == x#1234
barFromList 0                   == b#{}

barFromListRev​

Creates a bar from a reversed list of bytes.

barFromListRev [%c [%b [%a 0]]]    == b#abc
barFromListRev [0x34 [0x12 0]]     == x#1234
barFromListRev 0                   == b#{}

rowToBar​

Creates a bar from a row of bytes (alias for barFromRow).

rowToBar [104 101 108 108 111]    == b#hello
rowToBar [0xde 0xad 0xbe 0xef]    == x#deadbeef
rowToBar []                       == b#{}

barMap​

Applies a function to each byte in a bar.

barMap (add 1) b#abc        == b#bcd
barMap (mul 2) x#0102       == x#0204
barMap (const 0) b#hello    == x#0000000000

barFilter​

Keeps only the bytes in a bar that satisfy a predicate.

barFilter (neq %l) b#hello         == b#heo
barFilter (gte 0xc0) x#deadbeef    == x#adbe
barFilter (const 1) b#abc          == b#abc

barFindIndex​

Finds the index of the first byte satisfying a predicate.

barFindIndex (eql %l) b#hello         == (0 2) ; SOME 2
barFindIndex (gte 0xc0) x#deadbeef    == (0 1) ; SOME 1
barFindIndex (const 0) b#abc          == 0 ; NONE

barFindIndexOff​

Finds the index of the first byte satisfying a predicate, starting from an offset.

barFindIndexOff (eql %l) 1 b#hello         == 2
barFindIndexOff (gte 0xc0) 1 x#deadbeef    == 1
barFindIndexOff (const 0) 0 b#abc          == 3

barElemIndex​

Finds the index of the first occurrence of a byte.

barElemIndex %l b#hello         == (0 2) ; SOME 2
barElemIndex 0xde x#deadbeef    == (0 0) ; SOME 0
barElemIndex %x b#abc           == 0 ; NONE

barElemIndexOff​

Finds the index of the first occurrence of a byte, starting from an offset.

barElemIndexOff %l 1 b#hello         == 2
barElemIndexOff 0xde 1 x#deadbeef    == 4
barElemIndexOff %x 0 b#abc           == 3

barElemIndexEnd​

Finds the index of the last occurrence of a byte.

barElemIndexEnd %l b#hello         == (0 3) ; SOME 3
barElemIndexEnd 0xef x#deadbeef    == (0 3) ; SOME 3
barElemIndexEnd %x b#abc           == (0 0) ; NONE

barSplitAt​

Splits a bar at a given index.

barSplitAt 2 b#hello       == [b#he b#llo]
barSplitAt 4 x#deadbeef    == [x#deadbeef b#{}]
barSplitAt 1 b#abc         == [b#a b#bc]

barSplitOne​

Splits a bar at the first occurrence of a byte.

barSplitOne %l b#hello         == [b#he b#lo]
barSplitOne 0xad x#deadbeef    == [x#de x#beef]
barSplitOne %x b#abc           == [b#abc b#{}]

barSplitOneWith​

Splits a bar at the first occurrence of a byte satisfying a predicate.

barSplitOneWith (eql %l) b#hello         == [b#he b#lo]
barSplitOneWith (gte 0xc0) x#deadbeef    == [x#de x#beef]
barSplitOneWith (const 0) b#abc          == [b#abc b#{}]

barSplitWith​

Splits a bar at all occurrences of bytes satisfying a predicate.

barSplitWith (eql %l) b#hello         == [b#he [b#{} [b#o 0]]]
barSplitWith (gte 0xc0) x#deadbeef    == [x#de [b#{} [x#ef 0]]]
barSplitWith (const 0) b#abc          == [b#abc 0]

barSplit​

Splits a bar at all occurrences of a specific byte.

barSplit %l b#hello         == [b#he [b#{} [b#o 0]]]
barSplit 0xad x#deadbeef    == [x#de [x#beef 0]]
barSplit %x b#abc           == [b#abc 0]

barCountHeadMatching​

Counts the number of leading bytes until a predicate fails.

barCountHeadMatching (eql %h) b#hello         == (0 1) ; SOME 1
barCountHeadMatching (neq 0xbe) x#deadbeef    == (0 2) ; SOME 2
barCountHeadMatching (neq %d) b#abc           == 0 ; NONE

barDropWhile​

Drops leading bytes from a bar while they satisfy a predicate.

barDropWhile (eql %h) b#hello         == b#ello
barDropWhile (lte 0xbe) x#deadbeef    == x#adbeef
barDropWhile (const 0) b#abc          == b#abc

barTakeWhile​

Takes leading bytes from a bar while they satisfy a predicate.

barTakeWhile (eql %h) b#hello         == b#h
barTakeWhile (lte 0xbe) x#deadbeef    == x#de
barTakeWhile (const 1) b#abc          == b#abc

hexAlphabet​

A bar containing the hexadecimal digits (0-9, a-f).

hexAlphabet              == b#0123456789abcdef
barLen hexAlphabet       == 16
barIdx 10 hexAlphabet    == %a

hexChar​

Converts a number (0-15) to its hexadecimal character representation.

hexChar 0     == 48
hexChar 9     == 57
hexChar 15    == %f

byteToHex​

Converts a byte to its two-character hexadecimal representation.

byteToHex 0      == b#00
byteToHex 255    == b#ff
byteToHex 171    == b#ab

barToHex​

Converts a bar to its hexadecimal string representation.

barToHex b#hello       == b#68656c6c6f
barToHex x#deadbeef    == b#deadbeef
barToHex b#{}          == b#{}

readBarLit​

Parses a bar literal from a Rex expression.

readBarLit '(b#hello) v2 id       == b#hello
readBarLit '(x#deadbeef) v2 id    == x#deadbeef
readBarLit '(b#{}) v2 id          == b#{}

showBarLit​

Converts a bar to its Rex literal representation.

showBarLit b#hello       == b#{hello}
showBarLit x#deadbeef    == x#{deadbeef}
showBarLit b#{}          == b#{}

getHexBar​

Parses a bar containing an ascii string as a hexadecimal number, passing the corresponding Nat to a continuation function or returning a fallback value.

getHexBar b#ff 0 natBar       == x#ff ; note the difference between b# and x#
getHexBar b#deadbeef 0 dec    == 0xdeadbeef
getHexBar b#xyz 42 id         == 42

barLoadDecimal​

Parses a decimal number from a bar.

barLoadDecimal b#123           == 123
barLoadDecimal b#0             == 0
barLoadDecimal b#9876543210    == 9876543210

barShowDecimal​

Converts a natural number to its decimal string representation as a bar.

barShowDecimal 123           == b#123
barShowDecimal 0             == b#0
barShowDecimal 9876543210    == b#9876543210

barIsPrefixOf​

Checks if a bar is a prefix of another bar at a given offset.

barIsPrefixOf b#he b#hello 0    == 1
barIsPrefixOf b#el b#hello 1    == 1
barIsPrefixOf b#lo b#hello 1    == 0

barSubstringSearch​

Finds all occurrences of a substring in a bar.

barSubstringSearch b#l b#hello    == [2 [3 0]]
barSubstringSearch b#o b#hello    == [4 0]
barSubstringSearch b#x b#hello    == 0

barSpace​

A bar containing a single space character.

barSpace             == b#{ }
barLen barSpace      == 1
barIdx 0 barSpace    == 32